Colloids :- A Colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one substance is dispersed ( dispersed phase ) as very fine particles in another substance called dispersion medium. Colloidal particles have and enormous surface area per unit mass as a result of their small size. Consider a cube with 1 cm side. It has a…
Adsorption :- Adsorption is defined as the deposition of molecular species onto the surface . The molecular species that gets absorbed on the surface is known as absorbate and the surface on which adsorption occurs is known as adsorbent . Common examples of adsorbents are clay , silica , gel , metal etc . Adsorption…
Order of Reaction :- The sum of powers of concentration of the reactants in the rate expression is called the order of that chemical reaction . Example – Rate of reaction = K [ A ]ˣ [ B ]ʸorder Here x and y represent the order with respect to the reactants A and B respectively…
Rate of a Chemical reaction :- Some reactions such as ionic reactions occurs very fast , for example – precipitation of silver chloride occurs instantaneously by mixing of aqueous solutions of Silver nitrate and Sodium chloride . Some reactions are very slow , for example – rusting of iron in the presence of air and…
Electrolytes :- Electrolytes are substances that produce an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent , such as water . The dissolved electrolytes separates into cations and anions , which disperse uniformly through the solvent . Examples – NaCl , HCl , H₂SO₄ , HNO₃ , CaCl₂ , NaOH , CH₃COOH , KNO₃…
Colligative Properties :- Colligative properties are properties of solutions that depends on the ratio of the number of solute particles to the number of solvent molecules in a solution and not on the nature of the chemical species present . All these colligative properties have the common characteristics that depend upon the number of Solute…
It is the homogeneous mixtures of two or more than two components . When the composition and properties are uniform throughout the mixture then it is called homogeneous mixture . It has following components – Solvent :- The component that present in the largest quantity is known as Solvent . Solvent can be solid ,…
Magnetic properties of Crystals :- Each electron in an atom behaves like a magnet. It’s magnetic moment originates from two types of motions are orbital motion around the nucleus and spin around its own axis. Magnitude of magnetic moment is very small and is measured in the unit called Bohr magneton μB. It is equal…
Conductors:- The solids with conductivities ranging between 10⁴ to 10⁷ ohm⁻¹ m⁻¹ are called conductors. Examples. – Metals like Iron, Copper, Sodium etc. Insulators :- Semiconductors :- These are the solids with conductivities in the intermediate range from 10⁻⁶ to 10⁴ ohm⁻¹ m⁻¹· Examples. – Silicon and Germenium shows this behaviour called intrinsic semiconductor. Types…
A solid consists of an aggregation of large number of small crystals, these small crystals have defects in them which are called defects in crystals. The defects in crystals are basically irregularities in the arrangement of constituent particles. Types of defects in crystals :- The defects in crystals are of mainly two types:- ( a…
Atomic radius :- Thus, the edge length or side of the cube a and the atomic radius of each particle r are related as a = 2 r r = a / 2 In ∆ EFD, b² = a² + a² = 2a b = √2 a Now in ∆ AFD c² = a² +…
In Crystals, the constituent particles are close packed and leaving the minimum vacant space. In such a situation, the entropy of crystalline material becomes minimum. Let us consider the constituent particles as identical hard spheres and build up three dimensional structure in following three steps – Close Packing in one Dimension :- There is only…
