Refraction of light :- when a beam of light encounters another transparent medium, a part of light gets reflected back into first medium while the rest enters the other, The direction of propagation of incident ray of light that enters the other medium changes at the interface of the two media. This phenomenon is called…
The mirror equation :- The ray diagram shows the image A’B’ of an object AB formed by a concave mirror . We derive the mirror equation or the relation between the object distance (u), image distance (v) and the focal length (f). From the above figure the two right angle triangle A’B’F and MPF are…
Consider a ray parallel to the principal axis strinking the mirror at M, CM will be perpendicular to the mirror at M. Let θ be the angle of incidence and MQ be the perpendicular from M on the principal axis, then ∠MCP = θ and ∠MFP =2θ Now tanθ =MQ/CQ and tan2θ = MQ/FQ for…
Definitions regarding spherical mirrors. Pole :- The geometric centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole. Denoted by ‘P’ Principal axis :- The line joining the pole and centre of curvature of the spherical mirror is known as the principal axis. Centre of curvature :- the point in the centre of the sphere from…
Reflection of light :- It is the change in direction of a light at an interface between two different media so that the light returns into the medium from which it originated. Laws of reflection of light :- When a ray of light is reflected from a smooth surface then These laws are valid at…
Optics :- Optics is the branch of physics in which study about properties and behavior of light. There are two types of optics in physics – Ray optics :- Ray optics is the branch of optics in which study about propagation of light in terms of rays,whose path are governed by the law of reflection…
Replication of DNA :- Watson and Crick had proposed a scheme for Replication of DNA. The scheme suggested that the two strands would separate and as a template for the synthesis of new complementary strands. After the completion of replication, each DNA molecule would have one parental and one newly synthesised strand. This scheme was…
DNA and it’s structure :- DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ) is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. The length of DNA is usually defined as number of nucleotides present in it. This also is the characteristic of an organism. Example – Bacteriophase known as φ × 174 has 5386 nucleotides, Escherichia coli has 4·6 x10⁶ base…
मानव कोशिका में उपस्थित सभी 46 क्रोमोसोम के संपूर्ण DNA अनुक्रम को पता लगाने, विभिन्न प्रकार के आनुवंशिक रोगों के निदान के लिए अंतराष्ट्रीय स्तर के वैज्ञानिकों ने सन् 1990 में एक परियोजना की कल्पना की जिसे ह्यूमन जीनोम प्रोजेक्ट / मानव जीनोम परियोजना या HGP कहते हैं। यह योजना अप्रैल 2003 में पूर्ण हुई…
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA. The remaining percentage is makes us unique. Although this might sound like a small amount, it means that there are around three million base pairs that are different between two people.these differences…
The human genome project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identify, mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. Human Genome project Start date :- 1990 Completed :- April 2003 Methodologies…
Operon :- Operon consists of a coordinated group of genes which are transcribed togather and regulate a metabolic pathway as a unit. Example – lac operator is present only in lac operon and it interacts specifically with lac repressor only. The lac operon :- The lac operon is an operon required for the transport and…
