Optics :- Optics is the branch of physics in which study about properties and behavior of light. There are two types of optics in physics – Ray optics :- Ray optics is the branch of optics in which study about propagation of light in terms of rays,whose path are governed by the law of reflection…
Replication of DNA :- Watson and Crick had proposed a scheme for Replication of DNA. The scheme suggested that the two strands would separate and as a template for the synthesis of new complementary strands. After the completion of replication, each DNA molecule would have one parental and one newly synthesised strand. This scheme was…
DNA and it’s structure :- DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid ) is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. The length of DNA is usually defined as number of nucleotides present in it. This also is the characteristic of an organism. Example – Bacteriophase known as φ × 174 has 5386 nucleotides, Escherichia coli has 4·6 x10⁶ base…
मानव कोशिका में उपस्थित सभी 46 क्रोमोसोम के संपूर्ण DNA अनुक्रम को पता लगाने, विभिन्न प्रकार के आनुवंशिक रोगों के निदान के लिए अंतराष्ट्रीय स्तर के वैज्ञानिकों ने सन् 1990 में एक परियोजना की कल्पना की जिसे ह्यूमन जीनोम प्रोजेक्ट / मानव जीनोम परियोजना या HGP कहते हैं। यह योजना अप्रैल 2003 में पूर्ण हुई…
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify an individual from a sample of DNA by looking at unique patterns in their DNA. The remaining percentage is makes us unique. Although this might sound like a small amount, it means that there are around three million base pairs that are different between two people.these differences…
The human genome project (HGP) was an international scientific research project with goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identify, mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint. Human Genome project Start date :- 1990 Completed :- April 2003 Methodologies…
Operon :- Operon consists of a coordinated group of genes which are transcribed togather and regulate a metabolic pathway as a unit. Example – lac operator is present only in lac operon and it interacts specifically with lac repressor only. The lac operon :- The lac operon is an operon required for the transport and…
प्रोटीन संश्लेषण (Protein Synthesis) एमीनो अम्लों की पेप्टाइड बंधन से जुड़ी संरचना को प्रोटीन या Polypeptide chain कहते है। प्रोटीन संश्लेषण में न्यूक्लिक अम्लों से आनुवंशिक सूचनाओं का प्रवाह एक ही दिशा में होता है। प्रोटीन संश्लेषण की प्रक्रिया दो चरणों में पूरी होती है : 1. ट्रांसक्रिप्शन : A. प्रमोटरों से बंधन एवं RNA…
RNA में चार प्रकार के नाइट्रोजन क्षार Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) तथा Uracil (U) पाए जाते है, पास के तीन क्षारकों के समूह या ट्रिप्लेट को कॉडोन कहते है। ये codons एमीनो अम्ल के लिए आनुवंशिक सूचनाओं को संचारित करते है, प्रोटीन के निर्माण हेतु 20 एमीनो अम्ल के लिए 64 codons होते…
Gene expression results in the formation of a polypeptide, it can be regulated at several levels. The genes in a cell are expressed to perform a particular function or a set of functions. Example 1. The development and differentiation of embryo into adult oranisms are a result of the coordinated regulation of expression of several…
Translation :- It refers to the process of polymerisation of amino acids to form a polypeptide or protein. The order and sequence of amino acids are defined by the sequence of bases in the mRNA.
Genetic Code :- The genetic code was accomplished by the American biochemists – M. W. Nirenberg, R. W. Holley and Hargobind khorana in the early 1960. For example-the sequence of AUG is codon that specified the amino acid methionine. Table:- the codons for the various amino acids. Abbreviations used for the amino acids:- Ala- Alanine…
